Moji Motions

A ‘pull back’ approach refers to states taking measures to prevent migrants from leaving their country of origin e.g., aiding developmental projects, increasing border security at the country of origin, information campaigns about migration risks/consequences, etc. A 'push back' approach refers to states taking measures to increase immigration control near or at their own borders e.g., strict border control/surveillance, tackling human trafficking/smuggling gangs, returning migrants, signing deals with third party countries, limiting access to state resources, etc. An undocumented migrant does NOT include those who are under review in the asylum seeker process.

A Cordon Sanitaire policy is an informal commitment to exclude extremist political parties from forming coalitions. Examples include the exclusion of the Front National in France, True Finns (The Finnish Far Right) from Finland.

Bosozuku are Japanese biker gangs known for rebelling against strict Japanese societal norms through provocative style, illegal bike modifications, traffic violations like speeding and running red lights, and are occasionally linked to gang violence.

Social Media Influencers are people who have built a reputation for their knowledge and expertise on a specific topic. They make regular posts about that topic on their preferred social media channels and generate large followings of enthusiastic, engaged people who pay close attention to their views.

In China, to 'lie flat' ('tang ping' 躺平) is to make the active choice to reject existing societal pressures to work hard, instead choosing to 'lie flat' and express a low-desire, more indifferent attitude towards life. This is gaining traction amongst Chinese youth, and is seen by some as the beginnings of a social protest movement.

In percentile-based scoring system, students get score based on their percentile: A certain percentage get HD, another get DI/CR and another get PA/NN. For example: 90% percentile get HD, 70% percentile get DI, 50% get CR, 30% get PA and the others get NN. However, in performance-based scoring system, students get score based on their performance. For example: Score 90/100 means A, 80/100 means B, etc, ...