Moji Motions

A ‘pull back’ approach refers to states taking measures to prevent migrants from leaving their country of origin e.g., aiding developmental projects, increasing border security at the country of origin, information campaigns about migration risks/consequences, etc. A 'push back' approach refers to states taking measures to increase immigration control near or at their own borders e.g., strict border control/surveillance, tackling human trafficking/smuggling gangs, returning migrants, signing deals with third party countries, limiting access to state resources, etc. An undocumented migrant does NOT include those who are under review in the asylum seeker process.

As of the past decade, the Mekong Subregion has seen Superpower Nations heavily invest in the region. These initiatives have focused on growing the region's transport corridors between markets through China's Lancang-Mekong Cooperation (LMC) in 2016 and clean energy grid development through Japan-US Mekong Power Partnership (JUMPP) in 2020.

A Cordon Sanitaire policy is an informal commitment to exclude extremist political parties from forming coalitions. Examples include the exclusion of the Front National in France, True Finns (The Finnish Far Right) from Finland.

Bosozuku are Japanese biker gangs known for rebelling against strict Japanese societal norms through provocative style, illegal bike modifications, traffic violations like speeding and running red lights, and are occasionally linked to gang violence.

Currently, professional tennis governance is fragmented among multiple bodies, including the ATP, WTA, ITF, and the four Grand Slam tournaments managed by four different countries. These organizations separately manage rankings, scheduling, rules, revenue distribution, and disciplinary matters. Under this motion, a “central organizing body” refers to a single institution with overarching authority over the professional tennis calendar, rankings, commercial rights, regulations, and dispute resolution across the sport.

During Rodrigo Duterte’s presidency (2016–2022), the Philippine government launched a nationwide anti-drug campaign known as the “War on Drugs. Official police operations resulted in thousands of deaths to "clean up the streets. Support has been mixed. On 11 March 2025, former Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte was arrested pursuant to a warrant issued by the International Criminal Court for alleged crimes against humanity linked to killings during the Philippine “War on Drugs". He was subsequently transferred to The Hague to face ICC proceedings as opposed to trying him in local Philippine courts. The ICC alleges that Duterte bears responsibility for murders committed between 2011 and 2019, covering both his time as Mayor of Davao City and as President.

Existentialism is the idea that people are not born with a fixed purpose or identity and rather create meaning through their choices and actions. On the other hand, essentialism refers to the idea that there is an “essence” to our being, suggesting that an unchangeable aspect of ourselves precedes our birth and plays a role in determining our future identities.

For the purposes of this debate, "financial journalism" refers to all media publishing of personal financial and investment advice (including both traditional mass media and financial influencers on social media). It does NOT refer to media reporting on financial tends in the market (e.g. the current inflation rate)-or government policy and central banks policy (e.g. increasing interest rates)

On July 28th, FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) unveiled plans to raise $4.2bn by selling stakes in the running of future tournaments to private investors. UEFA (Union of European Football Associations), which oversees European football, protested that the game “is not FIFA’s to sell”. A source close to UEFA says that if the plan goes ahead, it may boycott future World Cups.

Unionization is the process where workers form a group to negotiate together with their employer for better pay, benefits, and working conditions.