AP2026 · Vòng 2
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the treaty, adopted in 1992, under which nearly all states negotiate global climate policy. Its members meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP), and decisions are taken by consensus; meaning any single state can block an outcome. The UNFCCC process produced the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, under which each country sets its own emissions target rather than having one imposed on it. It is also the forum through which climate finance for developing countries is pledged and allocated. Separately, states have begun pursuing climate obligations through courts. The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea issued an advisory opinion on state climate obligations in 2024, and the International Court of Justice issued one in July 2025, following a campaign led by Vanuatu and other Pacific states.
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In recent years, teenagers and young people have become prominent figures in the climate movement. Greta Thunberg initiated Fridays for Future, inspiring global school strikes to demand stronger climate policies. Vanessa Nakate advocates for climate justice in Africa, highlighting the impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities. Other youth activists organize protests, social media campaigns, and directly engage with policymakers to push for urgent climate action.
The International Criminal Court's jurisdiction is to prosecute individuals guilty of crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes of aggression. "Complementarity" is a principle which represents the idea that states, rather than the International Criminal Court (ICC), will have priority in proceeding with cases within their jurisdiction. This principle means that the International Criminal Court will complement, but not supersede, national jurisdiction.
Solution journalism is an approach that focuses on identifying and proposing responses to complex social problems. Instead of merely highlighting problems, it seeks out constructive stories about solutions that have been successfully implemented, with the aim of inspiring action and encouraging positive social change. The goal of solution journalism is to promote improvement and progress in society. Traditional watchdog journalism is aimed at monitoring and checking power. It focuses on scrutinising the actions of governments, organisations, and powerful individuals in order to ensure transparency, honesty, and accountability in how they govern and operate. Traditional watchdog journalism reports on wrongdoing, corruption, abuses of power, and other unlawful or unethical activities.